MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM - SOME COMMON CLINICAL CONDITIONS

 

1. Osteoarthritis (OA):

   - Definition: OA is a degenerative joint disease where the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones wears down over time.

   - Symptoms and Signs Joint pain, stiffness, tenderness, reduced range of motion, and sometimes joint swelling.

   - Diagnostic Tests:Clinical evaluation, X-rays.

2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA):

   - Definition: RA is an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, leading to joint damage and deformities.

   - symptoms and Signs:Joint pain, swelling, morning stiffness, fatigue, and joint deformities.

   - Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests (rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide), imaging (X-rays, MRI).

3. Sprains and Strains:

   - Definition:Sprains involve ligament injuries, while strains involve muscle or tendon injuries.

   - Symptoms and Signs:Pain, swelling, bruising, muscle spasms, and difficulty moving.

   - Diagnostic Tests:Clinical evaluation, imaging (X-rays, MRI).

4. Fractures:

   - Definition: A fracture is a break or crack in a bone.

   - Symptoms and Signs:Pain, swelling, deformity, and difficulty using the affected limb.

   - Diagnostic Tests: X-rays, CT scans, or MRI.

5. Herniated Disc:

   - Definition: A herniated disc occurs when the soft center of a spinal disc pushes through a crack in the tougher exterior.

   - Symptoms and Signs: Back or neck pain, radiating pain (sciatica), numbness, and weakness.

   - Diagnostic Tests: Clinical evaluation, MRI.

6. Tendinitis:

   - Definition:Tendinitis is inflammation or irritation of a tendon.

   - Symptoms and Signs: Pain, swelling, and tenderness around the affected tendon.

   - Diagnostic Tests: Clinical evaluation, imaging (ultrasound, MRI).

7. Rotator Cuff Tear:

   - Definition: A tear in one or more of the muscles and tendons comprising the rotator cuff in the shoulder.

   - Symptoms and Signs: Shoulder pain, weakness, and limited range of motion.

   - Diagnostic Tests: Clinical evaluation, imaging (MRI).

8. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:

   - Definition: Compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist.

   - Symptoms and Signs:Numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand (thumb, index, middle fingers).

   - Diagnostic Tests:Clinical evaluation, nerve conduction studies, electromyography (EMG).

9. Gout:

   -Definition:Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by elevated levels of uric acid, leading to the formation of crystals in joints.

   - Symptoms and Signs:Sudden, severe joint pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness.

   - Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests (uric acid levels), joint aspiration.

10. Scoliosis:

    - Definition:Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine.

    - Symptoms and Signs: Uneven shoulders or hips, back pain, and sometimes difficulty breathing.

    - Diagnostic Tests: Clinical evaluation, X-rays.

11. Ligament Sprain:

    - Definition: A ligament sprain involves the stretching or tearing of a ligament.

    - Symptoms and Signs: Joint instability, pain, and swelling.

    - Diagnostic Tests: Clinical evaluation, sometimes imaging (MRI).

12. Muscle Strain:

    - Definition: A muscle strain is an injury to a muscle or a tendon.

    - Symptoms and Signs: Pain, swelling, and muscle spasms.

    - Diagnostic Tests: Clinical evaluation, sometimes imaging (MRI).

13. Bursitis:

    - Definition: Bursitis is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs (bursae) that cushion and reduce friction between bones, tendons, and muscles.

    - Symptoms and Signs: Joint pain, swelling, and tenderness (often in the shoulder, hip, or knee).

    - Diagnostic Tests: Clinical evaluation, sometimes imaging (ultrasound, MRI).

14. Tennis/Golfer's Elbow:

    - Definition:These conditions involve inflammation or microtears in the tendons of the elbow.

    - Symptoms and Signs:bElbow pain, tenderness, weakened grip.

    - Diagnostic Tests: Clinical evaluation, sometimes imaging (X-rays, MRI).

15. Plantar Fasciitis:

    - Definition: Inflammation of the thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of the foot.

    - Symptoms and Signs: Heel pain, especially in the morning or after prolonged periods of rest.

    - Diagnostic Tests: Clinical evaluation, sometimes imaging (X-rays, ultrasound).