1. Shoulder Joint:
- Inspection:
- Observe for deformities, swelling, or muscle wasting.
- Palpation:
- Check for tenderness, bony abnormalities, and warmth.
- Range of Motion (ROM):
- Assess forward flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation.
-Muscle Strength:
- Test deltoid, rotator cuff muscles.
- Special Tests:
- Neer's Test: Assesses impingement.
- Hawkins-Kennedy Test: Checks for impingement.
- Empty Can Test: Evaluates supraspinatus strength.
2. Elbow Joint:
- Inspection:
- Look for deformities, swelling, or muscle atrophy.
- Palpation:
- Assess for tenderness, bony abnormalities.
- ROM:
- Evaluate flexion, extension, pronation, supination.
- Muscle Strength:
- Test flexors and extensors.
- Special Tests:
- Tinel's Sign: Checks for ulnar nerve compression.
- Cozen's Test: Screens for lateral epicondylitis.
- Varus and Valgus Stress Tests: Assess ligament stability.
3. Wrist and Hand Joints:
- Inspection:
- Observe for swelling, deformities, or muscle wasting.
- Palpation:
- Check for tenderness, nodules, and warmth.
- ROM:
- Assess flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.
- Muscle Strength:
- Test grip strength, finger movements.
- Special Tests:
- Phalen's Test: Screens for carpal tunnel syndrome.
- Finkelstein Test: Checks for De Quervain's tenosynovitis.
- Tinel's Sign at the wrist: Evaluates median nerve compression.
4. Hip Joint:
- Inspection:
- Look for gait abnormalities, limb length discrepancy.
- Palpation:
- Assess for tenderness, muscle bulk, and bony landmarks.
- ROM:
- Evaluate flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation.
- Muscle Strength:
- Test hip flexors, extensors, abductors, and rotators.
- Special Tests:
- Thomas Test: Assesses hip flexor tightness.
- Trendelenburg Test: Screens for hip abductor weakness.
- FABER Test (Patrick's Test): Checks for hip pathology.
5. Knee Joint:
- Inspection:
- Observe for swelling, deformities, and alignment.
- Palpation:
- Check for joint line tenderness, effusion, and bony landmarks.
- ROM:
- Assess flexion, extension, and rotation.
- Muscle Strength:
- Test quadriceps and hamstrings.
- Special Tests:
- Lachman Test: Evaluates anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).
- McMurray Test: Assesses meniscal tears.
- Varus and Valgus Stress Tests: Evaluate ligament stability.
6. Ankle and Foot Joints:
- Inspection:
- Look for deformities, swelling, and gait abnormalities.
- Palpation:
- Assess for tenderness, warmth, and bony landmarks.
- ROM
- Evaluate dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion.
- Muscle Strength:
- Test dorsiflexors, plantarflexors, invertors, and evertors.
- Special Tests:
- Thompson Test: Checks for Achilles tendon integrity.
- Talar Tilt Test: Evaluates ankle ligament stability.
- Morton's Test: Screens for Morton's neuroma.
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