MOVEMENTS OF ALL JOINTS

MOVEMENTS OF ALL JOINTS

Contents:

• Joint Overview – Type and structure of the joint.
• Possible Movements – Detailed movements with mechanism.
• Components Involved – Bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
• Sports Scenarios – Different scenarios where these movements occur.

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✅ 1. Head and Neck Joints

A. Atlanto-Occipital Joint (C0-C1)

• Type: Condyloid Joint
• Movements: Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion
• Components: Occipital bone, Atlas, Sternocleidomastoid, Splenius Capitis
• Mechanism: The occipital condyles glide over the Atlas facet.

Sports Examples:

1. A swimmer tilting the head to breathe during freestyle (lateral flexion).
2. A footballer scanning the field (extension).
3. A gymnast performing a forward roll (flexion).

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B. Atlanto-Axial Joint (C1-C2)

• Type: Pivot Joint
• Movements: Rotation
• Components: Atlas, Axis, Sternocleidomastoid, Obliquus Capitis Inferior
• Mechanism: The dens (odontoid process) of the Axis acts as a pivot.

Sports Examples:

1. A cricket fielder turning to catch a ball.
2. A tennis player watching the ball during a serve.
3. A referee looking left and right on the field.

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✅ 2. Spine and Back Joints

A. Intervertebral Joints

• Type: Cartilaginous Joint
• Movements: Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, Rotation
• Components: Vertebrae, Intervertebral Discs, Rectus Abdominis, Erector Spinae
• Mechanism: Vertebrae slide and compress the disc.

Sports Examples:

1. A gymnast performing a backbend (extension).
2. A wrestler twisting to avoid an opponent (rotation).
3. A basketball player bending forward to pick up the ball (flexion).

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✅ 3. Upper Limb Joints

A. Shoulder (Glenohumeral Joint)

• Type: Ball-and-Socket Joint
• Movements: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation, Circumduction
• Components: Humerus, Scapula, Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Rotator Cuff
• Mechanism: Humerus moves in the glenoid cavity with rotator cuff stabilization.

Sports Examples:

1. A volleyball player spiking the ball (abduction).
2. A swimmer doing a backstroke (circumduction).
3. A cricket bowler delivering a ball (internal rotation).

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B. Elbow Joint

• Type: Hinge Joint
• Movements: Flexion, Extension, Pronation, Supination
• Components: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Biceps Brachii, Triceps Brachii
• Mechanism: The ulna moves around the humeral trochlea.

Sports Examples:

1. A weightlifter performing a bicep curl (flexion).
2. A tennis player executing a forehand stroke (supination).
3. A boxer extending the arm for a punch (extension).

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C. Wrist Joint

• Type: Condyloid Joint
• Movements: Flexion, Extension, Radial Deviation, Ulnar Deviation
• Components: Radius, Carpal Bones, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
• Mechanism: Radius moves over carpal bones.

Sports Examples:

1. A badminton player flicking the shuttlecock (extension).
2. A golfer bending the wrist during a backswing (flexion).
3. A baseball pitcher throwing a curveball (radial deviation).

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✅ 4. Lower Limb Joints

A. Hip Joint

• Type: Ball-and-Socket Joint
• Movements: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation, Circumduction
• Components: Femur, Pelvis, Gluteus Maximus, Iliopsoas
• Mechanism: The femoral head rotates within the acetabulum.

Sports Examples:

1. A soccer player kicking a ball (flexion).
2. A dancer doing a side leg lift (abduction).
3. A sprinter pushing off the ground (extension).

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B. Knee Joint

• Type: Hinge Joint
• Movements: Flexion, Extension, Rotation (Slight when flexed)
• Components: Femur, Tibia, Patella, Quadriceps, Hamstrings
• Mechanism: The femoral condyles glide on the tibial plateau.

Sports Examples:

1. A runner taking a stride (extension).
2. A basketball player squatting before a jump (flexion).
3. A football goalkeeper diving (rotation when flexed).

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C. Ankle Joint

• Type: Hinge Joint
• Movements: Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion, Inversion, Eversion
• Components: Tibia, Fibula, Talus, Gastrocnemius, Tibialis Anterior
• Mechanism: The talus moves within the tibiofibular mortise.

Sports Examples:

1. A sprinter pushing off from the blocks (plantarflexion).
2. A gymnast landing on their toes (dorsiflexion).
3. A footballer changing direction quickly (inversion).

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✅ 5. Small Joints

A. Finger Joints (Interphalangeal Joints)

• Type: Hinge Joint
• Movements: Flexion, Extension
• Components: Phalanges, Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Extensor Digitorum
• Mechanism: The phalanges hinge like a door.

Sports Examples:

1. A cricketer gripping the ball (flexion).
2. A basketball player releasing a shot (extension).
3. A guitarist strumming strings (flexion and extension).

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B. Toe Joints (Metatarsophalangeal Joints)

• Type: Condyloid Joint
• Movements: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
• Components: Metatarsals, Phalanges, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Extensor Hallucis Longus
• Mechanism: Movement occurs at the joint between the toes and metatarsals.

Sports Examples:

1. A sprinter pushing off the toes (flexion).
2. A dancer balancing on tiptoes (extension).
3. A footballer adjusting foot position to kick (abduction).

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