🌬️ COMMON RESPIRATORY DISEASES
1. Acute Bronchitis
Stage 1: Early Viral Phase
- Sore throat, runny nose
- Dry cough
- Mild fever
- Chest discomfort
Stage 2: Progressive Bronchial Inflammation
- Harsh barking cough
- Burning sensation behind sternum
- Mild wheeze
Stage 3: Productive Phase
- Cough with mucoid sputum
- Diffuse wheeze + rhonchi
Classical Features
- Cough > 5 days
- Normal chest X-ray
2. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Stage 1: Infection Onset
- Sudden fever
- Shaking chills
- Malaise
Stage 2: Consolidation
- Productive cough → rust-colored sputum (classical for pneumococcal)
- Pleuritic chest pain
- Breathlessness
Stage 3: Severe CAP
- High fever
- Confusion (elderly)
- Hypoxia
Classical Signs
- Bronchial breathing
- Dull percussion
- Increased vocal fremitus / resonance
3. Tuberculosis (Pulmonary TB)
Stage 1: Early Infection (Subclinical)
- No symptoms or mild dry cough
- Fatigue
Stage 2: Active Disease
- Chronic cough (>2–3 weeks)
- Evening rise of temperature
- Night sweats (classical)
- Weight loss
- Hemoptysis
Stage 3: Advanced TB
- Chest pain
- Breathlessness
- Loss of appetite
Peculiar Features
- Cavitary lesions (upper lobe)
- Post-tussive crepitations
4. COPD (Chronic Bronchitis + Emphysema)
Stage 1: Early COPD
- Chronic productive cough
- Morning “smoker’s cough”
Stage 2: Moderate
- Breathlessness on exertion
- Wheezing
- Frequent infections
Stage 3: Severe
- Dyspnea at rest
- Barrel-shaped chest
- Pursed-lip breathing
Classical Phenotypes
- Blue Bloater (Chronic Bronchitis): cyanosis + edema
- Pink Puffer (Emphysema): breathless, thin, no cyanosis
5. Asthma
Stage 1: Prodrome
- Itchy throat
- Chest tightness
- Mild wheeze
Stage 2: Exacerbation
- Cough (worse night/early morning)
- Wheezing
- Dyspnea
Stage 3: Severe Asthma Attack
- Silent chest
- Tachypnea
- Accessory muscle use
Special Features
- Reversible airway obstruction
- Wheezing + episodic pattern
- Cough variant asthma – cough only
6. Pleural Effusion
Stage 1: Small Effusion
- Mild dyspnea
- Chest pressure
Stage 2: Moderate
- Stony dull percussion
- Decreased breath sounds
- Reduced chest expansion
Stage 3: Large Effusion
- Orthopnea
- Tracheal shift (away from side)
Classical Sign
- Pleural rub (early stage)
7. Pneumothorax
Stage 1: Small Pneumothorax
- Mild chest pain
- Slight dyspnea
Stage 2: Moderate
- Sudden sharp unilateral chest pain
- Hyperresonant percussion
- Decreased breath sounds
Stage 3: Tension Pneumothorax
- Severe dyspnea
- Tracheal shift (opposite side)
- Distended neck veins
- Hypotension → shock
Classical Feature
- Hyperresonant percussion
8. Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Stage 1: Early
- Sudden chest pain
- Tachypnea
- Anxiety
Stage 2: Progressive
- Dyspnea
- Palpitations
- Non-productive cough
- Hemoptysis (in infarction)
Stage 3: Massive PE
- Hypotension
- Syncope
- Right heart failure
Classical Feature
- Sudden unexplained dyspnea + clear lungs
9. Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
Stage 1: Early
- Dry cough
- Progressive breathlessness
Stage 2: Moderate
- Velcro-like fine inspiratory crackles
- Fatigue
- Clubbing
Stage 3: Advanced ILD
- Severe dyspnea at rest
- Cyanosis
- Pulmonary hypertension
Classical Feature
- Velcro crackles
10. Bronchiectasis
Stage 1: Early
- Chronic productive cough
- Foul-smelling sputum
Stage 2: Progressive
- Recurrent infections
- Fever
- Wheezing
- Hemoptysis
Stage 3: Advanced
- Clubbing
- Coarse crepitations
- Large-volume purulent sputum
Classical Feature
- Copious purulent sputum in 3 layers
11. Pneumoconiosis (Silicosis / Asbestosis / Coal worker’s)
Stage 1: Early
- Chronic dry cough
- Fatigue
Stage 2: Progressive Fibrosis
- Breathlessness
- Chest tightness
Stage 3: Late
- Clubbing (asbestosis)
- Recurrent infections
- Cor pulmonale
Classical Features
- Silicosis – Eggshell calcification of lymph nodes
- Asbestosis – Pleural plaques
12. Lung Cancer
Stage 1: Early
- Persistent cough
- Chest pain
- Hoarseness
Stage 2: Progressive
- Hemoptysis
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Recurrent pneumonia
Stage 3: Metastatic / Locally Advanced
- Bone pain
- Neurological deficits
- Superior vena cava obstruction → face swelling, dilated chest veins
Peculiar Signs
- Pancoast tumor → shoulder/arm pain + Horner syndrome
- Clubbing
13. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Stage 1: Early
- Acute dyspnea
- Tachypnea
- Hypoxia
Stage 2: Progressive
- Pink frothy sputum
- Severe breathlessness
- Cyanosis
Stage 3: Severe ARDS
- Diffuse crackles
- Respiratory failure
- Multiorgan dysfunction
Classical Feature
- Refractory hypoxemia
14. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Stage 1: Early
- Loud snoring
- Daytime fatigue
Stage 2: Progressive
- Morning headaches
- Non-restorative sleep
- Choking at night
Stage 3: Advanced
- Hypertension
- Personality changes
- Poor concentration
Classical Feature
- Witnessed apneic episodes
15. Cystic Fibrosis (in children/young adults)
Stage 1: Early
- Persistent cough
- Salty sweat (peculiar finding)
- Poor weight gain
Stage 2: Moderate
- Recurrent chest infections
- Large-volume sputum
- Nasal polyps
Stage 3: Advanced
- Clubbing
- Bronchiectasis
- Respiratory failure
Special Feature
- Salty skin test (sweat chloride ↑)
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