✅ Gastrointestinal Diseases
1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Early
- Occasional retrosternal burning after meals
- Sour taste in mouth
- Worse on lying down
Progression
- Frequent heartburn
- Regurgitation of acidic fluid
- Nocturnal cough / throat irritation
Advanced
- Dysphagia (esophagitis, stricture)
- Hoarseness
- Dental enamel erosion
Classical Feature: Heartburn after meals + relief on antacids
Special: Symptoms worsen on bending forward (water brash)
2. Peptic Ulcer Disease (Gastric & Duodenal)
Early
- Epigastric burning pain
Progression
- Gastric ulcer: Pain worsens after meals
- Duodenal ulcer: Pain relieved by meals, worsens 2–3 hours later
Advanced
- Hematemesis, melena
- Anemia
Special: Nocturnal pain common in duodenal ulcer
3. Acute Gastritis
Early
- Epigastric discomfort
- Nausea, bloating
Progression
- Vomiting
- Mild hematemesis
Advanced
- Erosive gastritis → brisk bleeding
Classical: History of NSAID/alcohol use
4. Chronic Atrophic Gastritis
Early
- Vague dyspepsia
- Early satiety
Progression
- Vitamin B12 deficiency → paresthesia
- Fatigue (anemia)
Advanced
- Achlorhydria
Special: Associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (Type A)
5. Acute Pancreatitis
Early
- Acute severe epigastric pain radiating to back
Progression
- Vomiting
- Fever
- Abdominal distension
Advanced
- Hypotension, shock
- Grey-Turner & Cullen signs
Peculiar: Pain relieved by leaning forward
6. Chronic Pancreatitis
Early
- Recurrent epigastric pain
Progression
- Steatorrhea
- Weight loss
Advanced
- Diabetes mellitus (pancreatic)
Classical: Calcifications on imaging
7. Acute Appendicitis
Early
- Periumbilical pain
Progression
- RLQ pain (McBurney’s point)
- Fever, vomiting
Advanced
- Guarding, rebound tenderness
- Perforation → generalized peritonitis
Special: Rovsing, Psoas, Obturator signs
8. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Early
- Recurrent abdominal pain
Progression
- Altered bowel habits (constipation/diarrhea)
- Bloating
Advanced
- Mucus in stools
- Relief of pain after defecation
Special: No red-flag signs (weight loss, fever)
9. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ulcerative Colitis)
Early
- Bloody diarrhea
Progression
- Tenesmus
- Lower abdominal pain
Advanced
- Weight loss
- Extra-intestinal features (uveitis, arthritis)
Classic: Continuous lesion from rectum
10. Crohn's Disease
Early
- Intermittent abdominal pain
Progression
- Chronic diarrhea (non-bloody early)
- Weight loss
Advanced
- Perianal fistula
- Malabsorption
Classical: Skip lesions + cobblestone mucosa
11. Acute Cholecystitis
Early
- RUQ pain
Progression
- Fever
- Vomiting
Advanced
- Murphy's sign positive
- Empyema / perforation
Special: Pain after fatty meals
12. Chronic Cholecystitis
Early
- Recurrent RUQ discomfort
Progression
- Bloating, indigestion
Advanced
- Porcelain gallbladder
Classical: History of repeated gallstone attacks
13. Cholangitis (Ascending)
Early
- Fever + RUQ pain
Progression
- Jaundice
Advanced
- Hypotension + Confusion (Reynold's pentad)
Classic: Charcot’s triad
Special: Rapid deterioration
14. Hepatitis A/B/C (Acute Viral Hepatitis)
Early
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Anorexia
Progression
- Jaundice
- Dark urine, pale stools
- RUQ discomfort
Advanced
- Coagulopathy
Classical: ALT/AST > 10x normal
15. Cirrhosis (Any Etiology)
Early
- Fatigue, anorexia
Progression
- Jaundice
- Ascites
- Edema
Advanced
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- Variceal bleeding
Special: Spider nevi + palmar erythema
16. Portal Hypertension
Early
- Splenomegaly
Progression
- Ascites
Advanced
- Esophageal varices
- Caput medusae
Special: Hematemesis from variceal rupture
17. Gastroenteritis (Infective)
Early
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Progression
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal cramps
Advanced
- Dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalance
Classical: History of contaminated food/water
18. Colorectal Cancer
Early
- Change in bowel habits
Progression
- Occult GI bleeding → iron deficiency anemia
Advanced
- Weight loss
- Obstructive symptoms
Left-sided: Constipation + pencil-thin stool
Right-sided: Occult bleeding + anemia
19. Celiac Disease
Early
- Diarrhea
- Bloating
Progression
- Steatorrhea
- Weight loss
Advanced
- Dermatitis herpetiformis
Special: Symptoms resolve on gluten-free diet
20. Intestinal Obstruction
Early
- Colicky abdominal pain
Progression
- Vomiting
- Distension
Advanced
- Obstipation
- Dehydration
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